How does social media contribute to shaping the development of student-athletes? To answer this question, 20 formators, including professors, coaches, and athletic directors from the University of Santo Tomas (UST), San Beda University (SBU), and Philippine Normal University (PNU), were interviewed about their views and opinions on the use of social media as a communication tool in shaping the character of student-athletes. Using Blumler, Gurevitch, and Katz’s (1973) uses and gratifications theory (UGT) as a conceptual framework, this study explored how student-athletes and their formators use social media to meet and satisfy their needs. The theoretical framework of the study was based on the core values of three carefully chosen educational institutions. The interview transcripts were then analyzed using typological analysis in accordance with Hatch (2002)’s protocols. The study revealed that formators at UST, SBU, and PNU use social media to instill positive morals and virtues into student-athletes of strong character. Results also revealed that formators in select institutions use social media to provide human needs in accordance with the UGT typologies of media use (Katz et al., 1973), which are cognitive, affective, personal integrative, integration and social interaction, and escapism. The study’s findings can be used as a foundation for developing modules and policies on social media education that enable social media users to maximize the benefits while minimizing the risks.
Abu, L., Mokhtar, M., Hassan, Z., & Suhan, S. (2015). How to develop character education of madrassa students in Indonesia. Journal of Education and Learning, 9(1), 79-86. Retrieved from https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/71404-EN-how-to-develop-character-education-of-ma.pdf
Ambron, P. (2017, December 06). Why student athletes need to be careful about their online reputation and the NCAA should help. Retrieved September 3, 2018, from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-student-athletes-need_b_10007340
Andersen, J., Lampley, J., & Good, D. (2013). Learner satisfaction in online learning: An analysis of the perceived impact of learner-social media and learner-instructor interaction (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (Accession No. ED554917)
Angst, F. (2019, April 08). What does an athletic director do? Retrieved from https://www.thebalancecareers.com/athletic-director-job-profile-3113301
Arnold, P. J. (1999). The virtues, moral education, and the practice of sport. Quest, 51(1), 39-54. doi:10.1080/00336297.1999.10491667
Bartlett, R. (2013). Attitudes towards athletes: Media influences (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://commons.pacificu.edu/spp/1102
Bernfeld, J. (2014, May 24). Who can profit off a college athlete’s image? Not the athlete. Retrieved January 17, 2018, from https://www.wbur.org/onlyagame/2014/05/24/image-ncaa-athlete-profit
Berson, I. R., & Berson, M. J. (2005). Challenging online behaviors of youth: Findings from a comparative analysis of young people in the United States and New Zealand. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 29-38. doi:10.1177/0894439304271532
Bicen, H., & Kaya, T. (2016). The effects of social media on students’ behaviors; Facebook as a case study. Computers in Human Behavior, 59(C), 374-379. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.036
Bireline, G. M. (2014). Social media in sports: A phenomenological study of athletes and online communication (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1554074)
Blumler, J. G., Katz, E., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509-523. doi:10.1086/268109
Camiré, M., & Trudel, P. (2010). High school athletes’ perspectives on character development through sport participation. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 15(2), 193-207. doi: 10.1080/17408980902877617
Castro-Romero, O. (2015). Social media as a learning tool in higher education: The case of Mexico and South Korea. Sinéctica, (44), 1-16. Retrieved from
http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/sine/n44/n44a11.pdf
Dada, B. O. (2016). Determination of university athlete’s character through sport participation in Niger Delta of Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(15), 66-74. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1103134.pdf
Deka, P. P. (2015). A study on impact of social media on educational efforts in Guwahati City, Assam. International Journal of Advanced Research in Education Technology (IJARET), 2(3), 90-94. Retrieved from http://ijaret.com/wp-content/themes/felicity/issues/vol2issue3/pratisha.pdf
Dressler, C. (2014). Student-athlete educational outcomes: A retrospective evaluation (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:c31d6960-e9e9-4eca-be0c-0f12555d51d1
Dubner, S. J. (2013, September 10). Are tenured professors better classroom teachers? [Blog post]. Retrieved September 04, 2018, from http://freakonomics.com/2013/09/10/are-tenured-professors-better-classroom-teachers/
Dudovskiy, J. (n.d.) Positivism research philosophy. Retrieved from http://research-methodology.net/research-philosophy/positivism/
EdComs. (2010). Social Science Research Fund: Harnessing social media to combat doping amongst young athletes [PDF file]. Retrieved from
https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/edcoms_final_report_2010.pdf
Ely, M., Anzul, M., Friedman, T., Garner, D., & Steinmetz, A. M. (1991). Doing qualitative research: Circles within circles. London: Falmer.
Etikan, I. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Ezzy, D. (2002). Qualitative analysis, practice and innovation. London: Routledge.
Fenster, D. E. (2014). Implications of teacher tenure on teacher quality and student performance in North Carolina (Honor’s thesis). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10161/8434
Filo, K., Lock, D. & Karg, A. (2015). Sports and social media research: A review. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 166-181. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.001
Fisher, E. (2011, August 1). 20 Great uses of social media in sports. Retrieved January 5, 2019, from https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2011/08/01/In-Depth/Social-media.aspx
Gafni, R., & Deri, M. (2012). Costs and benefits of Facebook for undergraduate students. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 7, 45-61. Retrieved from http://www.ijikm.org/Volume7/IJIKMv7p045-061Gafni609.pdf
Harms, K. & DeBrevi, A. (2018, March 28). The impact of social media on student athletes [Blog post]. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from http://blogs.jccc.edu/campusledger/2018/03/28/the-impact-of-social-media-on-student-athletes/
Hatch, J. A. (2002). Doing qualitative research in education settings. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Hundley, B., & Varner, R. (2014). Re-defining the game: A new rulebook for social media use by collegiate athletes & universities [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/elonimedia/social-mediaforathletes
Johnson, S. R., Wojnar, P. J., Price, W. J., Foley, T. J., Moon, J. R., Esposito, E. N., & Cromartie, F. J. (2011). A coach’s responsibility: Learning how to prepare athletes for peak performance. The Sport Journal. Retrieved from http://thesportjournal.org/article/a-coachs-responsibility-learning-how-to-prepare-athletes-for-peak-performance/
Josephson, M. (1999). Character – what is it and why is it important? [Blog post]. Retrieved January 18, 2018, from http://josephsononbusinessethics.com/2015/02/character-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-important/
Jung, J. (2015). Character formation in online education. Net: An eJournal of Faith-Based Distance Learning, 1(1). Retrieved from http://www.distancelearningdirectors.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Jung-Character-Formation-in-Online-Education.pdf
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Social media: back to the roots and back to the future. Journal of Systems and Information Technology, 14(2), 101-104. doi: 10.1108/13287261211232126
Katerattanakul, P. (2002). Framework of effective web site design for business-to-consumer internet commerce. INFOR Information Systems and Operational Research, 40(1), 57-70. doi:10.1080/03155986.2002.11732641
Katz, E., Gurevitch, M., & Haas, H. (1973). On the use of the mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38(2), 164-181. Retrieved from
https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/267
Keating, A. M. (2016). Organizational influence on student athlete identity (Honor’s thesis). Retrieved from https://scholar.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2370&context=honr_theses
Kitchakarn, O. (2016). How students perceived social media as a learning tool in enhancing their language learning performance. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 15(4), 53-60. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1117631.pdf
Kretzschmar, L., & Tuckey, E. C. (2017). The role of relationship in moral formation: An analysis of three tertiary theological education institutions in South Africa. In die Skriflig, (1), 1-8. doi:10.4102/ids.v51i1.2214
Kuppuswamy, S., & Narayan, P. B. S. (2010). The impact of social networking websites on the education of youth. International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking, 2(1), 67-79. Retrieved from http://www.irma-international.org/viewtitle/43067/
Kvale, S. (1996). Interview views: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Lariscy, R. W., Tinkham, S. F., & Sweetser, K. D. (2011). Kids these days: examining differences in political uses and gratifications, internet political participation, political information efficacy and cynicism on the basis of age. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(6), 749-764. doi:10.1177/0002764211398091
Love, S. M. (2018). Athletic and academic identity, motivation and success: An examination of DIII student-athletes (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5347.
Lyness, D. (2015). What makes a good coach? Retrieved from https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/good-coach.html.
Martin, J. Z. (2016). Student-athlete career development through community service: A retrospective study (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3786/.
Mazer, J. P., Murphy, R. E., & Simonds, C. J. (2007). I’ll see you on “Facebook”: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate. Communication Education, 56(1), 1-17. doi:10.1080/03634520601009710.
McCurry, J. W. (2014). Morality in sport: Student-athletes’ perceptions of coaches’ abilities to instill moral and character development (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://pillars.taylor.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&context=mahe.
McNamara, C. (1999). General guidelines for conducting research interviews. Retrieved from https://managementhelp.org/businessresearch/interviews.htm.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Miller, K. P. (2016). The impact of social media on intercollegiate athletics (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from http://thesis.honors.olemiss.edu/779/1/Thesis%20.pdf.
Montonye, M., Butenhoff, S., & Krinke, S. (2013). The influence of character education on positive behavior in the classroom (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://sophia.stkate.edu/maed/6
Njoroge, R., & Bennaars, G.A. (1986). Philosophy and Education in Africa. Nairobi: Trans African Press.
Ott, K., & Van Puymbroeck, M. (2008). Does the media impact athletic performance? The Sport Journal. Retrieved from
https://thesportjournal.org/article/does-the-media-impact-athletic-performance/.
Özen, Y. (2011). A new proposal for character education. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15(153), 61-70. doi:10.20296/tsad.90266.
Pegoraro, A. (2010). Look who’s talking – athletes on Twitter: A case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 501-514. doi:10.1123/ijsc.3.4.501.
Philippine Normal University. (n.d.). Institute of Physical Education, Health, Recreation, Dance and Sports. Retrieved September 3, 2018, from https://www.pnu.edu.ph/institutes/institute-of-physical-education-health-recreation-dance-and-sports/?fbclid=IwAR0icBdZfzAJNTASTMuxESUozzCt9X1XhsZ2ifrdnuOCrNXCdMEnGbRtFns.
Poore, M. (2012). Using social media in the classroom: A best practice guide. London: SAGE.
Qualman, E. (2011). Socialnomics: How Social Media Transforms the Way We Live and Do Business. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey
Shannon, L. (2012). The impact of electronic communication on personal relationships (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from
http://web02.gonzaga.edu/comltheses/proquestftp/Shannon_gonzaga_0736M_10241.pdf.
Simonpietri, S. (2011). Social media: Current trends among children and their parents and implications regarding interpersonal communication (Honor’s thesis).
Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11299/109501.
Smallwood, C. M. (2011). The effects of negative publicity on the performance of professional baseball athletes (Honor’s thesis). Retrieved from
https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=honors.
Spradley, J. P. (1979). The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Tappscott, D. (1998). Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation. New York: McGraw Hill.
Thoene, W. S. (2012). The impact of social networking sites on college students’ consumption patterns (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://mds.marshall.edu/etd/245.
Thompson, W. G. (2002). The effects of character education on student behavior (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://dc.etsu.edu/etd/706.
17 December 2023